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Cloud </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../cloud/Block-storage-and-object-storage-performance-limits-on-3Engines-Cloud.html.html class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Block storage and object storage performance limits on 3Engines Cloud </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_3> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_3 id=__nav_3_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Data Volume </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_3_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_3> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Data Volume </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../datavolume/datavolume.html.html class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Overview </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a 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</nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component=sidebar data-md-type=toc> <div class=md-sidebar__scrollwrap> <div class=md-sidebar__inner> <nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="On this page"> <label class=md-nav__title for=__toc> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> On this page </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-component=toc data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#what-we-are-going-to-cover class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> What We Are Going To Cover🔗 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#prerequisites class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Prerequisites🔗 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#install-nginx-ingress-on-magnum-cluster class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Install NGINX ingress on Magnum cluster🔗 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#install-prometheus class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Install Prometheus🔗 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#install-keda class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Install Keda🔗 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#deploy-a-sample-app class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Deploy a sample app🔗 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#deploy-our-app-ingress class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Deploy our app ingress🔗 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#access-prometheus-dashboard class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Access Prometheus dashboard🔗 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#deploy-keda-scaledobject class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Deploy KEDA ScaledObject🔗 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#test-with-locust class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Test with Locust🔗 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#cooling-down class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Cooling down🔗 </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class=md-content data-md-component=content> <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset"> <h1 id=http-request-based-autoscaling-on-k8s-using-prometheus-and-keda-on-3engines-cloud>HTTP Request-based Autoscaling on K8S using Prometheus and Keda on 3Engines Cloud<a href=#http-request-based-autoscaling-on-k8s-using-prometheus-and-keda-on-brand-name title="Permalink to this headline">🔗</a><a class=headerlink href=#http-request-based-autoscaling-on-k8s-using-prometheus-and-keda-on-3engines-cloud title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1> <p>Kubernetes pod autoscaler (HPA) natively utilizes CPU and RAM metrics as the default triggers for increasing or decreasing number of pods. While this is often sufficient, there can be use cases where scaling on custom metrics is preferred.</p> <p><a href=https://keda.sh/ >KEDA</a> is a tool for autoscaling based on events/metrics provided from popular sources/technologies such as Prometheus, Kafka, Postgres and multiple others.</p> <p>With this article we will deploy a sample app on 3Engines Cloud cloud. We will collect HTTP requests from NGINX Ingress on our Kubernetes cluster and, using Keda with Prometheus scaler, apply custom HTTP request-based scaling.</p> <p>Note</p> <p>We will use <em>NGINX web server</em> to demonstrate the app, and <em>NGINX ingress</em> to deploy it and collect metrics. Note that <em>NGINX web server</em> and <em>NGINX ingress</em> are two separate pieces of software, with two different purposes.</p> <h2 id=what-we-are-going-to-cover>What We Are Going To Cover<a href=#what-we-are-going-to-cover title="Permalink to this headline">🔗</a><a class=headerlink href=#what-we-are-going-to-cover title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <blockquote> <ul> <li>Install NGINX ingress on Magnum cluster</li> <li>Install Prometheus</li> <li>Install Keda</li> <li>Deploy a sample app</li> <li>Deploy our app ingress</li> <li>Access Prometheus dashboard</li> <li>Deploy KEDA ScaledObject</li> <li>Test with Locust</li> </ul> </blockquote> <h2 id=prerequisites>Prerequisites<a href=#prerequisites title="Permalink to this headline">🔗</a><a class=headerlink href=#prerequisites title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <dl> <dt>No. 1 <strong>Account</strong></dt> <dd>You need a 3Engines Cloud hosting account with access to the Horizon interface: <a href=https://horizon.3Engines.com>https://horizon.3Engines.com</a>.</dd> </dl> <p>No. 2 <strong>Create a new Kubernetes cluster without Magnum NGINX preinstalled from Horizon UI</strong></p> <p>The default NGINX ingress deployed from Magnum from Horizon UI does not yet implement Prometheus metrics export. Instead of trying to configure Magnum ingress for this use case, we will rather install a new NGINX ingress. To avoid conflicts, best to follow the below instruction on a Kubernetes cluster <strong>without</strong> Magnum NGINX preinstalled from Horizon UI.</p> <p>No. 3 <strong>kubectl pointed to the Kubernetes cluster</strong></p> <p>The following article gives options for creating a new cluster and activating the <strong>kubectl</strong> command:</p> <p><a href=How-To-Access-Kubernetes-Cluster-Post-Deployment-Using-Kubectl-On-3Engines-Cloud-OpenStack-Magnum.html.html>How To Access Kubernetes Cluster Post Deployment Using Kubectl On 3Engines Cloud OpenStack Magnum</a>.</p> <p>As mentioned, create the cluster <strong>without</strong> installing the NGINX ingress option.</p> <p>No. 4 <strong>Familiarity with deploying Helm charts</strong></p> <p>This article will introduce you to Helm charts on Kubernetes:</p> <p><a href=Deploying-Helm-Charts-on-Magnum-Kubernetes-Clusters-on-3Engines-Cloud-Cloud.html.html>Deploying Helm Charts on Magnum Kubernetes Clusters on 3Engines Cloud Cloud</a></p> <h2 id=install-nginx-ingress-on-magnum-cluster>Install NGINX ingress on Magnum cluster<a href=#install-nginx-ingress-on-magnum-cluster title="Permalink to this headline">🔗</a><a class=headerlink href=#install-nginx-ingress-on-magnum-cluster title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>Please type in the following commands to download the <em>ingress-nginx</em> Helm repo and then install the chart. Note we are using a custom namespace <em>ingress-nginx</em> as well as setting the options to enable Prometheus metrics.</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-0-1><a id=__codelineno-0-1 name=__codelineno-0-1 href=#__codelineno-0-1></a>helm repo add ingress-nginx https://kubernetes.github.io/ingress-nginx
</span><span id=__span-0-2><a id=__codelineno-0-2 name=__codelineno-0-2 href=#__codelineno-0-2></a>helm repo update
</span><span id=__span-0-3><a id=__codelineno-0-3 name=__codelineno-0-3 href=#__codelineno-0-3></a>
</span><span id=__span-0-4><a id=__codelineno-0-4 name=__codelineno-0-4 href=#__codelineno-0-4></a>kubectl create namespace ingress-nginx
</span><span id=__span-0-5><a id=__codelineno-0-5 name=__codelineno-0-5 href=#__codelineno-0-5></a>
</span><span id=__span-0-6><a id=__codelineno-0-6 name=__codelineno-0-6 href=#__codelineno-0-6></a>helm install ingress-nginx ingress-nginx/ingress-nginx \
</span><span id=__span-0-7><a id=__codelineno-0-7 name=__codelineno-0-7 href=#__codelineno-0-7></a>--namespace ingress-nginx \
</span><span id=__span-0-8><a id=__codelineno-0-8 name=__codelineno-0-8 href=#__codelineno-0-8></a>--set controller.metrics.enabled=true \
</span><span id=__span-0-9><a id=__codelineno-0-9 name=__codelineno-0-9 href=#__codelineno-0-9></a>--set-string controller.podAnnotations.&quot;prometheus\.io/scrape&quot;=&quot;true&quot; \
</span><span id=__span-0-10><a id=__codelineno-0-10 name=__codelineno-0-10 href=#__codelineno-0-10></a>--set-string controller.podAnnotations.&quot;prometheus\.io/port&quot;=&quot;10254&quot;
</span></code></pre></div> <p>Now run the following command to get the external IP address of the ingress controller, which will be used by ingress resources created in the further steps of this article.</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-1-1><a id=__codelineno-1-1 name=__codelineno-1-1 href=#__codelineno-1-1></a>$ kubectl get services -n ingress-nginx
</span><span id=__span-1-2><a id=__codelineno-1-2 name=__codelineno-1-2 href=#__codelineno-1-2></a>NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
</span><span id=__span-1-3><a id=__codelineno-1-3 name=__codelineno-1-3 href=#__codelineno-1-3></a>ingress-nginx-controller LoadBalancer 10.254.118.18 64.225.135.67 80:31573/TCP,443:30786/TCP 26h
</span></code></pre></div> <p>We get <strong>64.225.135.67</strong>. Instead of that value, use the EXTERNAL-IP value you get in your terminal after running the above command.</p> <h2 id=install-prometheus>Install Prometheus<a href=#install-prometheus title="Permalink to this headline">🔗</a><a class=headerlink href=#install-prometheus title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>In order to install Prometheus, please apply the following command on your cluster:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-2-1><a id=__codelineno-2-1 name=__codelineno-2-1 href=#__codelineno-2-1></a>kubectl apply --kustomize github.com/kubernetes/ingress-nginx/deploy/prometheus/
</span></code></pre></div> <p>Note that this is Prometheus installation customized for NGINX Ingress and already installs to the <em>ingress-nginx</em> namespace by default, so no need to provide the namespace flag or create one.</p> <h2 id=install-keda>Install Keda<a href=#install-keda title="Permalink to this headline">🔗</a><a class=headerlink href=#install-keda title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>With below steps, create a separate namespace for Keda artifacts, download the repo and install the Keda-Core chart:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-3-1><a id=__codelineno-3-1 name=__codelineno-3-1 href=#__codelineno-3-1></a>kubectl create namespace keda
</span><span id=__span-3-2><a id=__codelineno-3-2 name=__codelineno-3-2 href=#__codelineno-3-2></a>
</span><span id=__span-3-3><a id=__codelineno-3-3 name=__codelineno-3-3 href=#__codelineno-3-3></a>helm repo add kedacore https://kedacore.github.io/charts
</span><span id=__span-3-4><a id=__codelineno-3-4 name=__codelineno-3-4 href=#__codelineno-3-4></a>helm repo update
</span><span id=__span-3-5><a id=__codelineno-3-5 name=__codelineno-3-5 href=#__codelineno-3-5></a>
</span><span id=__span-3-6><a id=__codelineno-3-6 name=__codelineno-3-6 href=#__codelineno-3-6></a>helm install keda kedacore/keda --version 2.3.0 --namespace keda
</span></code></pre></div> <h2 id=deploy-a-sample-app>Deploy a sample app<a href=#deploy-a-sample-app title="Permalink to this headline">🔗</a><a class=headerlink href=#deploy-a-sample-app title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>With the above steps completed, we can deploy a simple application. It will be an NGINX web server, serving a simple “Welcome to nginx!” page. Note, we create a deployment and then expose this deployment as a service of type ClusterIP. Create a file <em>app-deployment.yaml</em> in your favorite editor:</p> <p><strong>app-deployment.yaml</strong></p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-4-1><a id=__codelineno-4-1 name=__codelineno-4-1 href=#__codelineno-4-1></a>apiVersion: apps/v1
</span><span id=__span-4-2><a id=__codelineno-4-2 name=__codelineno-4-2 href=#__codelineno-4-2></a>kind: Deployment
</span><span id=__span-4-3><a id=__codelineno-4-3 name=__codelineno-4-3 href=#__codelineno-4-3></a>metadata:
</span><span id=__span-4-4><a id=__codelineno-4-4 name=__codelineno-4-4 href=#__codelineno-4-4></a> name: nginx
</span><span id=__span-4-5><a id=__codelineno-4-5 name=__codelineno-4-5 href=#__codelineno-4-5></a>spec:
</span><span id=__span-4-6><a id=__codelineno-4-6 name=__codelineno-4-6 href=#__codelineno-4-6></a> selector:
</span><span id=__span-4-7><a id=__codelineno-4-7 name=__codelineno-4-7 href=#__codelineno-4-7></a> matchLabels:
</span><span id=__span-4-8><a id=__codelineno-4-8 name=__codelineno-4-8 href=#__codelineno-4-8></a> app: nginx
</span><span id=__span-4-9><a id=__codelineno-4-9 name=__codelineno-4-9 href=#__codelineno-4-9></a> replicas: 1
</span><span id=__span-4-10><a id=__codelineno-4-10 name=__codelineno-4-10 href=#__codelineno-4-10></a> template:
</span><span id=__span-4-11><a id=__codelineno-4-11 name=__codelineno-4-11 href=#__codelineno-4-11></a> metadata:
</span><span id=__span-4-12><a id=__codelineno-4-12 name=__codelineno-4-12 href=#__codelineno-4-12></a> labels:
</span><span id=__span-4-13><a id=__codelineno-4-13 name=__codelineno-4-13 href=#__codelineno-4-13></a> app: nginx
</span><span id=__span-4-14><a id=__codelineno-4-14 name=__codelineno-4-14 href=#__codelineno-4-14></a> spec:
</span><span id=__span-4-15><a id=__codelineno-4-15 name=__codelineno-4-15 href=#__codelineno-4-15></a> containers:
</span><span id=__span-4-16><a id=__codelineno-4-16 name=__codelineno-4-16 href=#__codelineno-4-16></a> - name: nginx
</span><span id=__span-4-17><a id=__codelineno-4-17 name=__codelineno-4-17 href=#__codelineno-4-17></a> image: nginx
</span><span id=__span-4-18><a id=__codelineno-4-18 name=__codelineno-4-18 href=#__codelineno-4-18></a>---
</span><span id=__span-4-19><a id=__codelineno-4-19 name=__codelineno-4-19 href=#__codelineno-4-19></a>apiVersion: v1
</span><span id=__span-4-20><a id=__codelineno-4-20 name=__codelineno-4-20 href=#__codelineno-4-20></a>kind: Service
</span><span id=__span-4-21><a id=__codelineno-4-21 name=__codelineno-4-21 href=#__codelineno-4-21></a>metadata:
</span><span id=__span-4-22><a id=__codelineno-4-22 name=__codelineno-4-22 href=#__codelineno-4-22></a> name: nginx
</span><span id=__span-4-23><a id=__codelineno-4-23 name=__codelineno-4-23 href=#__codelineno-4-23></a>spec:
</span><span id=__span-4-24><a id=__codelineno-4-24 name=__codelineno-4-24 href=#__codelineno-4-24></a> selector:
</span><span id=__span-4-25><a id=__codelineno-4-25 name=__codelineno-4-25 href=#__codelineno-4-25></a> app: nginx
</span><span id=__span-4-26><a id=__codelineno-4-26 name=__codelineno-4-26 href=#__codelineno-4-26></a> type: ClusterIP
</span><span id=__span-4-27><a id=__codelineno-4-27 name=__codelineno-4-27 href=#__codelineno-4-27></a> ports:
</span><span id=__span-4-28><a id=__codelineno-4-28 name=__codelineno-4-28 href=#__codelineno-4-28></a> - protocol: TCP
</span><span id=__span-4-29><a id=__codelineno-4-29 name=__codelineno-4-29 href=#__codelineno-4-29></a> port: 80
</span><span id=__span-4-30><a id=__codelineno-4-30 name=__codelineno-4-30 href=#__codelineno-4-30></a> targetPort: 80
</span></code></pre></div> <p>Then apply with the below command:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-5-1><a id=__codelineno-5-1 name=__codelineno-5-1 href=#__codelineno-5-1></a>kubectl apply -f app-deployment.yaml -n ingress-nginx
</span></code></pre></div> <p>We are deploying this application into the <em>ingress-nginx</em> namespace where also the ingress installation and Prometheus is hosted. For production scenarios, you might want to have better isolation of application vs. infrastructure, this is however beyond the scope of this article.</p> <h2 id=deploy-our-app-ingress>Deploy our app ingress<a href=#deploy-our-app-ingress title="Permalink to this headline">🔗</a><a class=headerlink href=#deploy-our-app-ingress title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>Our application is already running and exposed in our cluster, but we want to also expose it publicly. For this purpose we will use NGINX ingress, which will also act as a proxy to register the request metrics. Create a file <em>app-ingress.yaml</em> with the following contents:</p> <p><strong>app-ingress.yaml</strong></p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-6-1><a id=__codelineno-6-1 name=__codelineno-6-1 href=#__codelineno-6-1></a>apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
</span><span id=__span-6-2><a id=__codelineno-6-2 name=__codelineno-6-2 href=#__codelineno-6-2></a>kind: Ingress
</span><span id=__span-6-3><a id=__codelineno-6-3 name=__codelineno-6-3 href=#__codelineno-6-3></a>metadata:
</span><span id=__span-6-4><a id=__codelineno-6-4 name=__codelineno-6-4 href=#__codelineno-6-4></a> name: app-ingress
</span><span id=__span-6-5><a id=__codelineno-6-5 name=__codelineno-6-5 href=#__codelineno-6-5></a> annotations:
</span><span id=__span-6-6><a id=__codelineno-6-6 name=__codelineno-6-6 href=#__codelineno-6-6></a> nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/rewrite-target: /
</span><span id=__span-6-7><a id=__codelineno-6-7 name=__codelineno-6-7 href=#__codelineno-6-7></a>spec:
</span><span id=__span-6-8><a id=__codelineno-6-8 name=__codelineno-6-8 href=#__codelineno-6-8></a> ingressClassName: nginx
</span><span id=__span-6-9><a id=__codelineno-6-9 name=__codelineno-6-9 href=#__codelineno-6-9></a> rules:
</span><span id=__span-6-10><a id=__codelineno-6-10 name=__codelineno-6-10 href=#__codelineno-6-10></a> - host: &quot;64.225.135.67.nip.io&quot;
</span><span id=__span-6-11><a id=__codelineno-6-11 name=__codelineno-6-11 href=#__codelineno-6-11></a> http:
</span><span id=__span-6-12><a id=__codelineno-6-12 name=__codelineno-6-12 href=#__codelineno-6-12></a> paths:
</span><span id=__span-6-13><a id=__codelineno-6-13 name=__codelineno-6-13 href=#__codelineno-6-13></a> - backend:
</span><span id=__span-6-14><a id=__codelineno-6-14 name=__codelineno-6-14 href=#__codelineno-6-14></a> service:
</span><span id=__span-6-15><a id=__codelineno-6-15 name=__codelineno-6-15 href=#__codelineno-6-15></a> name: nginx
</span><span id=__span-6-16><a id=__codelineno-6-16 name=__codelineno-6-16 href=#__codelineno-6-16></a> port:
</span><span id=__span-6-17><a id=__codelineno-6-17 name=__codelineno-6-17 href=#__codelineno-6-17></a> number: 80
</span><span id=__span-6-18><a id=__codelineno-6-18 name=__codelineno-6-18 href=#__codelineno-6-18></a> path: /app
</span><span id=__span-6-19><a id=__codelineno-6-19 name=__codelineno-6-19 href=#__codelineno-6-19></a> pathType: Prefix
</span></code></pre></div> <p>Then apply with:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-7-1><a id=__codelineno-7-1 name=__codelineno-7-1 href=#__codelineno-7-1></a>kubectl apply -f app-ingress.yaml -n ingress-nginx
</span></code></pre></div> <p>After a while, you can get a public IP address where the app is available:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-8-1><a id=__codelineno-8-1 name=__codelineno-8-1 href=#__codelineno-8-1></a>$ kubectl get ingress -n ingress-nginx
</span><span id=__span-8-2><a id=__codelineno-8-2 name=__codelineno-8-2 href=#__codelineno-8-2></a>NAME CLASS HOSTS ADDRESS PORTS AGE
</span><span id=__span-8-3><a id=__codelineno-8-3 name=__codelineno-8-3 href=#__codelineno-8-3></a>app-ingress nginx 64.225.135.67.nip.io 64.225.135.67 80 18h
</span></code></pre></div> <p>After typing the IP address with the prefix (replace with your own floating IP with /app suffix), we can see the app exposed. We are using the <em>nip.io</em> service, which works as a DNS resolver, so there is no need to set up DNS records for the purpose of the demo.</p> <p><a class=glightbox href=../_images/welcome_nginx.png data-type=image data-width=100% data-height=auto data-desc-position=bottom><img alt=welcome_nginx.png src=../_images/welcome_nginx.png></a></p> <h2 id=access-prometheus-dashboard>Access Prometheus dashboard<a href=#access-prometheus-dashboard title="Permalink to this headline">🔗</a><a class=headerlink href=#access-prometheus-dashboard title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>To access Prometheus dashboard we can port-forward the running prometheus-server to our localhost. This could be useful for troubleshooting. We have the <em>prometheus-server</em> running as a <em>NodePort</em> service, which can be verified per below:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-9-1><a id=__codelineno-9-1 name=__codelineno-9-1 href=#__codelineno-9-1></a>$ kubectl get services -n ingress-nginx
</span><span id=__span-9-2><a id=__codelineno-9-2 name=__codelineno-9-2 href=#__codelineno-9-2></a>NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
</span><span id=__span-9-3><a id=__codelineno-9-3 name=__codelineno-9-3 href=#__codelineno-9-3></a>ingress-nginx-controller LoadBalancer 10.254.3.172 64.225.135.67 80:30881/TCP,443:30942/TCP 26h
</span><span id=__span-9-4><a id=__codelineno-9-4 name=__codelineno-9-4 href=#__codelineno-9-4></a>ingress-nginx-controller-admission ClusterIP 10.254.51.201 &lt;none&gt; 443/TCP 26h
</span><span id=__span-9-5><a id=__codelineno-9-5 name=__codelineno-9-5 href=#__codelineno-9-5></a>ingress-nginx-controller-metrics ClusterIP 10.254.15.196 &lt;none&gt; 10254/TCP 26h
</span><span id=__span-9-6><a id=__codelineno-9-6 name=__codelineno-9-6 href=#__codelineno-9-6></a>nginx ClusterIP 10.254.160.207 &lt;none&gt; 80/TCP 25h
</span><span id=__span-9-7><a id=__codelineno-9-7 name=__codelineno-9-7 href=#__codelineno-9-7></a>prometheus-server NodePort 10.254.24.85 &lt;none&gt; 9090:32051/TCP 26h
</span></code></pre></div> <p>We will port-forward to the localhost in the following command:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-10-1><a id=__codelineno-10-1 name=__codelineno-10-1 href=#__codelineno-10-1></a>kubectl port-forward deployment/prometheus-server 9090:9090 -n ingress-nginx
</span></code></pre></div> <p>Then enter <em>localhost:9090</em> in your browser, you will see the Prometheus dashboard. In this view we will be able to see various metrics exposed by nginx-ingress. This can be verified by starting to type “nginx-ingress” to search bar, then various related metrics will start to show up.</p> <p><a class=glightbox href=../_images/prometheus-dashboard_9090.png data-type=image data-width=100% data-height=auto data-desc-position=bottom><img alt=prometheus-dashboard_9090.png src=../_images/prometheus-dashboard_9090.png></a></p> <h2 id=deploy-keda-scaledobject>Deploy KEDA ScaledObject<a href=#deploy-keda-scaledobject title="Permalink to this headline">🔗</a><a class=headerlink href=#deploy-keda-scaledobject title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>Keda ScaledObject is a custom resource which will enable scaling our application based on custom metrics. In the YAML manifest we define what will be scaled (the nginx deployment), what are the conditions for scaling, and the definition and configuration of the trigger, in this case Prometheus. Prepare a file <em>scaled-object.yaml</em> with the following contents:</p> <p><strong>scaled-object.yaml</strong></p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-11-1><a id=__codelineno-11-1 name=__codelineno-11-1 href=#__codelineno-11-1></a>apiVersion: keda.sh/v1alpha1
</span><span id=__span-11-2><a id=__codelineno-11-2 name=__codelineno-11-2 href=#__codelineno-11-2></a>kind: ScaledObject
</span><span id=__span-11-3><a id=__codelineno-11-3 name=__codelineno-11-3 href=#__codelineno-11-3></a>metadata:
</span><span id=__span-11-4><a id=__codelineno-11-4 name=__codelineno-11-4 href=#__codelineno-11-4></a> name: prometheus-scaledobject
</span><span id=__span-11-5><a id=__codelineno-11-5 name=__codelineno-11-5 href=#__codelineno-11-5></a> namespace: ingress-nginx
</span><span id=__span-11-6><a id=__codelineno-11-6 name=__codelineno-11-6 href=#__codelineno-11-6></a> labels:
</span><span id=__span-11-7><a id=__codelineno-11-7 name=__codelineno-11-7 href=#__codelineno-11-7></a> deploymentName: nginx
</span><span id=__span-11-8><a id=__codelineno-11-8 name=__codelineno-11-8 href=#__codelineno-11-8></a>spec:
</span><span id=__span-11-9><a id=__codelineno-11-9 name=__codelineno-11-9 href=#__codelineno-11-9></a> scaleTargetRef:
</span><span id=__span-11-10><a id=__codelineno-11-10 name=__codelineno-11-10 href=#__codelineno-11-10></a> kind: Deployment
</span><span id=__span-11-11><a id=__codelineno-11-11 name=__codelineno-11-11 href=#__codelineno-11-11></a> name: nginx # name of the deployment, must be in the same namespace as ScaledObject
</span><span id=__span-11-12><a id=__codelineno-11-12 name=__codelineno-11-12 href=#__codelineno-11-12></a> minReplicaCount: 1
</span><span id=__span-11-13><a id=__codelineno-11-13 name=__codelineno-11-13 href=#__codelineno-11-13></a> pollingInterval: 15
</span><span id=__span-11-14><a id=__codelineno-11-14 name=__codelineno-11-14 href=#__codelineno-11-14></a> triggers:
</span><span id=__span-11-15><a id=__codelineno-11-15 name=__codelineno-11-15 href=#__codelineno-11-15></a> - type: prometheus
</span><span id=__span-11-16><a id=__codelineno-11-16 name=__codelineno-11-16 href=#__codelineno-11-16></a> metadata:
</span><span id=__span-11-17><a id=__codelineno-11-17 name=__codelineno-11-17 href=#__codelineno-11-17></a> serverAddress: http://prometheus-server.ingress-nginx.svc.cluster.local:9090
</span><span id=__span-11-18><a id=__codelineno-11-18 name=__codelineno-11-18 href=#__codelineno-11-18></a> metricName: nginx_ingress_controller_requests
</span><span id=__span-11-19><a id=__codelineno-11-19 name=__codelineno-11-19 href=#__codelineno-11-19></a> threshold: &#39;100&#39;
</span><span id=__span-11-20><a id=__codelineno-11-20 name=__codelineno-11-20 href=#__codelineno-11-20></a> query: sum(rate(nginx_ingress_controller_requests[1m]))
</span></code></pre></div> <p>For detailed definition of <em>ScaledObject</em>, refer to Keda documentation. In this example, we are leaving out a lot of default settings, most notable of which is called <em>coolDownPeriod</em>. Being not explicitly assigned a value, its default value of 300 seconds will be in effect, however, see below how you can change that value to something else.</p> <p>We are using here the <em>nginx-ingress-controller-requests</em> metric for scaling. This metric will only populate in the Prometheus dashboard once the requests start hitting our app service. We are setting the threshold for <strong>100</strong> and the time to <strong>1</strong> minute, so in case there is more requests than <strong>100</strong> per pod in a minute, this will trigger scale up.</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-12-1><a id=__codelineno-12-1 name=__codelineno-12-1 href=#__codelineno-12-1></a>kubectl apply -f scaled-object.yaml -n ingress-nginx
</span></code></pre></div> <h2 id=test-with-locust>Test with Locust<a href=#test-with-locust title="Permalink to this headline">🔗</a><a class=headerlink href=#test-with-locust title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>We can now test whether the scaling works as expected. We will use <em>Locust</em> for this, which is a load testing tool. To quickly deploy <em>Locust</em> as LoadBalancer service type, enter the following commands:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-13-1><a id=__codelineno-13-1 name=__codelineno-13-1 href=#__codelineno-13-1></a>kubectl create deployment locust --image paultur/locustproject:latest
</span><span id=__span-13-2><a id=__codelineno-13-2 name=__codelineno-13-2 href=#__codelineno-13-2></a>kubectl expose deployment locust --type LoadBalancer --port 80 --target-port 8089
</span></code></pre></div> <p>After a couple of minutes the LoadBalancer is created and Locust is exposed:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-14-1><a id=__codelineno-14-1 name=__codelineno-14-1 href=#__codelineno-14-1></a>$ kubectl get services
</span><span id=__span-14-2><a id=__codelineno-14-2 name=__codelineno-14-2 href=#__codelineno-14-2></a>NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
</span><span id=__span-14-3><a id=__codelineno-14-3 name=__codelineno-14-3 href=#__codelineno-14-3></a>kubernetes ClusterIP 10.254.0.1 &lt;none&gt; 443/TCP 28h
</span><span id=__span-14-4><a id=__codelineno-14-4 name=__codelineno-14-4 href=#__codelineno-14-4></a>locust LoadBalancer 10.254.88.89 64.225.132.243 80:31287/TCP 4m19s
</span></code></pre></div> <p>Enter Locust UI in the browser using the EXTERNAL-IP. It can be only <strong>64.225.132.243</strong> or <strong>64.225.132.243.nip.io</strong>, one of these values is sure to work. Then hit “Start Swarming” to initiate mock requests on our app’s public endpoint:</p> <p><a class=glightbox href=../_images/locust_test.png data-type=image data-width=100% data-height=auto data-desc-position=bottom><img alt=locust_test.png src=../_images/locust_test.png></a></p> <p>With the default setting and even single user, <em>Locust</em> will start swarming hundreds of requests immediately. Tuning Locust is not in scope of this article, but we can quickly see the effect. The additional pod replicas are generated:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-15-1><a id=__codelineno-15-1 name=__codelineno-15-1 href=#__codelineno-15-1></a>$ kubectl get pods -n ingress-nginx
</span><span id=__span-15-2><a id=__codelineno-15-2 name=__codelineno-15-2 href=#__codelineno-15-2></a>NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
</span><span id=__span-15-3><a id=__codelineno-15-3 name=__codelineno-15-3 href=#__codelineno-15-3></a>ingress-nginx-controller-557bf68967-h9zf5 1/1 Running 0 27h
</span><span id=__span-15-4><a id=__codelineno-15-4 name=__codelineno-15-4 href=#__codelineno-15-4></a>nginx-85b98978db-2kjx6 1/1 Running 0 30s
</span><span id=__span-15-5><a id=__codelineno-15-5 name=__codelineno-15-5 href=#__codelineno-15-5></a>nginx-85b98978db-2kxzz 1/1 Running 0 61s
</span><span id=__span-15-6><a id=__codelineno-15-6 name=__codelineno-15-6 href=#__codelineno-15-6></a>nginx-85b98978db-2t42c 1/1 Running 0 31s
</span><span id=__span-15-7><a id=__codelineno-15-7 name=__codelineno-15-7 href=#__codelineno-15-7></a>nginx-85b98978db-2xdzw 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 16s
</span><span id=__span-15-8><a id=__codelineno-15-8 name=__codelineno-15-8 href=#__codelineno-15-8></a>nginx-85b98978db-2zdjm 1/1 Running 0 30s
</span><span id=__span-15-9><a id=__codelineno-15-9 name=__codelineno-15-9 href=#__codelineno-15-9></a>nginx-85b98978db-4btfm 1/1 Running 0 30s
</span><span id=__span-15-10><a id=__codelineno-15-10 name=__codelineno-15-10 href=#__codelineno-15-10></a>nginx-85b98978db-4mmlz 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 16s
</span><span id=__span-15-11><a id=__codelineno-15-11 name=__codelineno-15-11 href=#__codelineno-15-11></a>nginx-85b98978db-4n5bk 1/1 Running 0 46s
</span><span id=__span-15-12><a id=__codelineno-15-12 name=__codelineno-15-12 href=#__codelineno-15-12></a>nginx-85b98978db-525mq 1/1 Running 0 30s
</span><span id=__span-15-13><a id=__codelineno-15-13 name=__codelineno-15-13 href=#__codelineno-15-13></a>nginx-85b98978db-5czdf 1/1 Running 0 46s
</span><span id=__span-15-14><a id=__codelineno-15-14 name=__codelineno-15-14 href=#__codelineno-15-14></a>nginx-85b98978db-5kkgq 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 16s
</span><span id=__span-15-15><a id=__codelineno-15-15 name=__codelineno-15-15 href=#__codelineno-15-15></a>nginx-85b98978db-5rt54 1/1 Running 0 30s
</span><span id=__span-15-16><a id=__codelineno-15-16 name=__codelineno-15-16 href=#__codelineno-15-16></a>nginx-85b98978db-5wmdk 1/1 Running 0 46s
</span><span id=__span-15-17><a id=__codelineno-15-17 name=__codelineno-15-17 href=#__codelineno-15-17></a>nginx-85b98978db-6tc6p 1/1 Running 0 77s
</span><span id=__span-15-18><a id=__codelineno-15-18 name=__codelineno-15-18 href=#__codelineno-15-18></a>nginx-85b98978db-6zcdw 1/1 Running 0 61s
</span><span id=__span-15-19><a id=__codelineno-15-19 name=__codelineno-15-19 href=#__codelineno-15-19></a>...
</span></code></pre></div> <h2 id=cooling-down>Cooling down<a href=#cooling-down title="Permalink to this headline">🔗</a><a class=headerlink href=#cooling-down title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>After hitting “Stop” in Locust, the pods will scale down to one replica, in line with the value of <em>coolDownPeriod</em> parameter, which is defined in the Keda ScaledObject. Its default value is 300 seconds. If you want to change it, use command</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-16-1><a id=__codelineno-16-1 name=__codelineno-16-1 href=#__codelineno-16-1></a>kubectl edit scaledobject prometheus-scaledobject -n ingress-nginx
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